Abstract A silver nanostructures prepared by using chemical reduction method. The silver nanoparticles were prepared with diameters of about (20 nm). Numerous tech niques had been used to study the optical, structural like the UV-Vis absorption spectrometer, Ttransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-Emission Scan ning Electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prac tical results exhibited the absorption spectrum of the prepared nanoparticles at (357 nm), it was found that there is a relationship between the positions of the optical absorption peak and the size of the silver nanoparticles. The anal ysis of TEM results showed the presence of nanoparticles in the range (20 nm). The analyzing of XRD results explained the crystal structure for silver nanoparticles. It is found a cubic unit cell have a lattice constants (a = 4.0855 Å), with the Miller indices were (111), (002), (002), and (113).

Abstract We present a non-destructive method (NDM) to identify minute quantities of high atomic number (Z) elements in containers such as passenger baggage, goods carrying transport trucks, and environmental samples. This method re lies on the fact that photon attenuation varies with its energy and properties of the absorbing medium. Low-energy gamma-ray intensity loss is sensitive to the atomic number of the absorbing medium, while that of higher-energies vary with the density of the medium. To verify the usefulness of this feature for NDM, we carried out simultaneous measurements of intensities of mul tiple gamma rays of energies 81 to 1408 keV emitted by sources 133Ba (half-life = 10.55 y) and 152Eu (half-life = 13.52 y). By this arrangement, we could detect minute quantities of lead and copper in a bulk medium from energy depen dent gamma-ray attenuations. It seems that this method will offer a reliable, low-cost, low-maintenance alternative to X-ray or accelerator-based techniques for the NDM of high-Z materials such as mercury, lead, uranium, and tran suranic elements etc.

Abstract Many-body correlations in nuclei determine the behavior of Deep-Inelastic Scattering (DIS) and Quasi-Elastic Scattering (QES) cross section ratios off heavy over light nuclei especially for xBjorken > 1, obtained at Jefferson Lab. They can be described in terms of quark-cluster formation in nuclei due to wave-function overlapping, manifesting itself when the momentum transfer is high so that the partonic degrees of freedom are resolved. In clusters (cor related nucleons) the quark and gluon momentum distributions are softer than in single nucleons and extend to xBjorken > 1. The cluster formation prob abilities are computed using a network-defining algorithm in which the initial nucleon density is either standard Woods-Saxon or is input from lower ener gy data while the critical radius for nucleon merging is an adjustable parame ter. The exact choice of critical radius depends on the specific nucleus and it is anti-correlated to the rescaling of the xBjorken needed for bound nucleons. The calculations show that there is a strong dependence of the cross section ratios on the xBjorken in agreement with the data and that four-body correla tions are needed to explain the experimental results even in the range 1 < xBjorken < 2. The dependence on the specific exponents of parton distributions in high-order clusters is weak

Abstract A spinning gyroscope precesses about the vertical due to a torque acting upon the wheel. The torque is generated by the shift of moment of force by gravity and it points to the vertical instead of the tangential direction of precession. This intuition offers an alternative and straightforward view of precession dynamics in comparison with the literature. It also presumes a dynamic bal ance of momentum between circular motions of the wheel spin and preces sion. Accordingly, the gyroscopic dynamics is then applied to the study of galactic motion of the solar system in space and the Galactic mass is calcu lated with the inclusion of gyroscopic effect of the solar planets. Results indi cate that the gyroscopic effect of Mercury orbiting around the Sun can in crease the calculated Galactic mass by 23% in comparison with the result ob tained by the classic approach.

Abstract The striking differences and similarities between the “Spanish-flu” of 1918 and the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are analyzed. Progress in medicine and technology and in particular the availability of vaccines has de creased the death probability from about 2% for the Spanish-flu, to about 10−4 in the UK and 10−3 in Italy, USA, Canada, San Marino and other countries for COVID-19. The logistic map reproduces most features of the disease and may be of guidance for predictions and future steps to be taken in order to con trast the virus. We estimate 6.4 × 107 deceases worldwide without the vac cines, this value decreases to 1.6 × 107 with the current vaccination rate. In November 2021, the number of deceased worldwide was 5.1 × 106 . To reduce the fatalities further, it is imperative to increase the vaccination rate world wide to at least 120 millions/day and the AstraZeneca vaccine due to its effi cacity and cost is a possible route to accomplish this.

Abstract An approach to the theory of geometrization of the Universe is proposed. The wave function of the Universe is represented by the Clifford number with the transfer rules that have the structure of the Dirac equation for any manifold. Solutions of this equation may be obtained in terms of the geometric interpretation. A new model is proposed that can explain the manifestation of the dark energy and dark matter in the Universe as a geometrical entity with a mechanism involving the spontaneous symmetry breaking.

Abstract Starting from the so-called “blue clearing” phenomenon, this paper establishes a link between disturbances of the Martian gravitational potential, the Allais effect of syzygy, astral influences and the Raman Stokes effect. This phenomenon is apparently peculiar to the Martian atmosphere. Photographs of Mars taken in blue light normally show only the atmosphere itself and clouds high above the surface. On occasion of oppositions, however, blue photographs will penetrate in varying degrees to the surface of Mars. Curiously, a burst of brightness and storms then occur on Mars. The atmosphere and clouds can be seen and photographed at short wavelengths by Earth based telescopes equipped with a Wratten 47 filter. It happens that the blue screen of the filter suddenly begins to disappear and that the Martian surface becomes visible. The exact mechanism that produces blue clearing when Earth is between the Sun and Mars is highly speculative. We believe that the “Allais syzygy effect” may explain this phenomenon. The opposition would generate a “gravito-electromagnetic tension”, which would spawn fluctuations in the gravitational potential of Mars, accompanied and linked to an electromagnetic effect. The outcome would be to trigger dust storms and exacerbate a disorderly excitement of molecules in the atmosphere. The thermal agitation facilitates the absorption of energy and the formation of small condensations that cause light scattering. Assuming that the Martian gravity decreased slightly, a Stokes Raman scattering would manifest at intramolecular level of the Martian atmosphere: the emitted photon has a lower energy than the absorbed photon. Therefore, it is mainly the waves corresponding to the spectral regions yellow, orange or red that are diffused, what eliminates short wavelengths. We deduce that the size of the inhomogeneities resulting from thermal excitation turns out to be greater than the length of the light waves of blue or purple regions of the spectrum.

Abstract By assuming the cosmological principle includes the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) and that the initial singularity existed within Planck time and length scales, a model for inflationary expansion is argued using only standard model physics without any changes to general relativity. All Fermionic matter is forced by the PEP to make a quantum transition to minimally orthogonal states in sequential Planck time intervals. This results in an initial inflation effect due to nearest neighbor quantum transitions which is then exacerbated by matter and antimatter creation effects due to collisions giving rise to the observational effects of universal inflation. The model provides a mechanistic explanation for primordial expansion using only physics from the standard model, specifically utilizing the PEP as a repulsion force between indistinguishable fermions. The present theory offers the benefit of not requiring any particles or fields outside of the standard model nor utilizing changes to general relativity. More succinctly, this theory goes beyond simply offering a mathematical representation (or fit) of the functional dependence but rather offers a mechanistic model to drive inflation using only standard model physics.

Abstract Through the non separable solution of the eigenvalue problem associated to the problem of a charged particle in a flat box and a constant transversal magnetic field, with Landau and symmetric gauges, it is found that the Landau’s levels are numerably degenerated in both cases. A mathematical proposition is proven to carry out this statement.

Abstract Forl a 1-D conservative system with a position depending mass within a dissipative medium, its effect on the body is to exert a force depending on the squared of its velocity, a constant of motion, Lagrangian, generalized linear momentum, and Hamiltonian are obtained. We apply these new results to the harmonic oscillator and pendulum under the characteristics mentioned about, obtaining their constant of motion, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for the case when the body is increasing its mass.

Abstract The quantum mechanics of bound states with discrete energy levels is well understood. The quantum mechanics of scattering processes is also well understood. However, the quantum mechanics of moving bound states is still debatable. When it is at rest, the space-like separation between the constituent particles is the primary variable. When the bound state moves, this space-like separation picks up the time-like separation. The time-separation is not a measurable variable in the present form of quantum mechanics. The only way to deal with this un-observable variable is to treat it statistically. This leads to rise of the statistical variables such entropy and temperature. Paul A. M. Dirac made efforts to construct bound-state wave functions in Einstein’s Lorentz covariant world. In 1927, he noted that the c-number time-energy relation should be incorporated in the relativistic world. In 1945, he constructed four dimensional oscillator wave functions with one time coordinate in addition to the three-dimensional space. In 1949, Dirac introduced the light-cone coordinate system for Lorentz transformations. It is then possible to integrate these contributions made by Dirac to construct the Lorentz-covariant harmonic oscillator wave functions. This oscillator system can explain the proton as a bound state of the quarks when it is at rest, and explain the Feynman’s parton picture when it moves with a speed close to that of light. While the un-measurable time-like separation becomes equal to the space-like separation at this speed, the statistical variables become prominent. The entropy and the temperature of this covariant harmonic oscillator are calculated. It is shown that they rise rapidly as the proton speed approaches that of light.

Abstract In causal set theory, there are three ambiguous concepts that this article tries to provide a solution to resolve these ambiguities. These three ambiguities in Planck’s scale are: the causal relationship between events, the position of the uncertainty principle, and the kinematic. Assuming the interaction between events, a new definition of the causal relationship is presented. Using the principle of superposition, more than one world line is attributed to two events that are interacting with each other to cover the uncertainty principle. Using these achievements, it is shown that kinematics has no place in the Planck dimension and that quantum spacetime manifold should be used instead.

Abstract Newton did not invent or use the so-called Newton’s gravitational constant G. Newton’s original gravity formula was 2Mm FR = and not 2Mm F GR = . In this paper, we will show how a series of major gravity phenomena can be calculated and predicted without the gravitational constant. This is, to some degree, well known, at least for those that have studied a significant amount of the older literature on gravity. However, to understand gravity at a deeper level, still without G, one needs to trust Newton’s formula. It is when we first combine Newton’s assumptionn, that matter and light ultimately consist of hard indivisible particles, with new insight in atomism that we can truly begin to understand gravity at a deeper level. This leads to a quantum gravity theory that is unified with quantum mechanics and in which there is no need for G and not even a need for the Planck constant. We claim that two mistakes have been made in physics, which have held back progress towards a unified quantum gravity theory. First, it has been common practice to consider Newton’s gravitational constant as almost holy and untouchable. Thus, we have neglected to see an important aspect of mass; namely, the indivisible particle that Newton also held in high regard. Second, standard physics have built their quantum mechanics around the de Broglie wavelength, rather than the Compton wavelength. We claim the de Broglie wavelength is merely a mathematical derivative of the Compton wavelength, the true matter wavelength.

Abstract The universe is things which change and called events. The events are matter and field. A boundary divides a system to things and environment. The things which belong to the environment have no significant effect on the things which belong to the system. The physical observables are the variations of things and it is always assumed that the conscious thing is placed in environment because the science cannot explain consciousness. There is not only an obligated minimum boundary between things (space) but also between past and future (present). The gravitational field has significant effect on these obligated minimums, especially at Planck scale. By using the above concept we introduce a grand unified reaction platform for categorizing the current physical paradigms and possible future explanation of the universe as a whole.

Abstract The newly developed YY model contains a set of constitutive rules to describe the structures of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, by using two elementary sub-quark particles, the Yin and Yang fermions of charge 1/3 forming all the particles of the Standard Model. This model suggests a modular structure of the universe, in which two elementary constituents recursively form all the matter. The advantage of this hypothesis is that it provides a total symmetry and a noticeably clear conceptual understanding. Moreover, it justifies the cosmological formation of a limited number of atoms, e.g., H and Li with their isotopes, considering that matter can be produced as a free agglomerate of semi-stable neutrons, which would lead to the feeding of baryonic matter in the universe. In this current article, some further theoretical aspects are proposed as an evolution of the YY model. They cover correlation paths between interacting quarks, the considerations of color forces between yin-yang elementary elements. Moreover, an agreement of the YY model with the Teplov approach based on harmonic quarks and oscillators is established, and the mass of Yin and Yang is considered. Two example nuclei are used for the analysis: a radioactively stable deuteron (containing a neutron and a proton) and a possible semi-stable dineutron (roughly “consisting of two neutrons”),which is purely theoretical, represent a very natural and legal nuclear state within YY model. Based on the results obtained here, some indications are given for a possible simple experimental verification providing proof for the stability or instability of the dineutron.

Abstract The relation of matter wave, which is well-known as a hypothesis proposed by de Broglie in 1923, gave basis for establishing the quantum mechanics. After that, experimental results revealed that a micro particle has a wave nature. However, the theoretical validity of the relation itself has never been revealed since his proposal. Theoretical basis that a micro particle has a wave nature has been thus disregarded in the unsolved state. The diffusion equation having been accepted as Fick’s second law was derived from the theory of Markov process in mathematics. It was then revealed that the diffusivity D depends on an angular momentum of a micro particle in a local space. The fact being unable to discriminate between micro particles in a local space resulted in having to accept the existence of minimum time t0 (> 0) in the quantum mechanics. Based on 0t and D obtained here, the theoretical validity of relation of matter wave was confirmed. Denying the density theorem in mathematics for time in physics indicates that the probabilistic interpretation is essentially indispensable for understanding the quantum mechanics. The logical necessity of quantum theory itself is thus understandable through introducing 0t into the Newton mechanics. It is remarkable that the value of 0t between 17 140 1.14 10 s 1.76 10 s t − − × ≤≤ × obtained here is extremely larger than that of the well-known Planck time 44 Pt 5.39 10 s − = × .