Abstract There is an increasing consensus in Taiwan that for agricultural development and policy planning the traditional production-based agriculture perspective should be replaced with a value chain perspective. Accordingly, when considering the value-added contribution of Taiwan’s agricultural sector, its relationship with upstream, midstream and downstream sectors should be considered and estimated altogether. In this study, we use the demand-side in put-output (IO) methodology to compute and analyze the value-added and linkage effects of Taiwan’s agricultural sector. We found that if all the contribution along the value chain is considered, agriculture sector accounts for approximately between 10.56% and 11.85% of GDP, which is a sevenfold in crease compared to contribution based on its mere production value (i.e.,1.65% - 1.87% of GDP). This study recommends that future agricultural pol icy planning, in addition to focusing only on the primary production agriculture, should also include the distribution sector and food and beverage services sector, such as regulations for e-commerce sales channels for agricultural products, food hygiene regulations for the food and beverage industry, and cold chain logistics regulations for agricultural products.

Abstract To identify international investment law as a part of international law control and manage, then to analyze the relationships between foreign investors in host country and the state. And compare its role with the state regulation. using qualitative case study had been explained in the conduct of the research and collecting main data to express the role of international investment law. The researcher contacted some implement cases from UK, US, and China Due to heavy comparison, after several evaluation of the literature from the UK and US. Some of the findings of the study are: 1) with these explaining the international investment law in mind after begin by describing the main procedural and substantive challenges, we find the limitation of the foreign investment role in providing the protection for the foreign investor against the state regulation; 2) no comprehensive or integrated international treaty on the regulation of foreign investment; 3) international investment law can be deemed as one of the pioneers for protection the investor after conducting an analysis of the role of investment law to prevent the rights of investor in jurisprudence; 4) with expanding of international investment and increasing the number of companies investing abroad in foreign countries, the implementation of the core concepts of public international law has not been deemed adequate to regulate foreign investment.

Abstract This study did a comparative analysis on the effect of enterprise risk management (ERM), risk committee, on earning capacity of African banks. The study covered a study period of ten (10) years spanning from 2009 to 2018. The study covered Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa. Data for the study were gotten from the fiscal reports of the banks under investigation. The study was analyzed using the panel data methodology. The study found that both ERM and risk committee efficiency have the greatest effect on the earning capacity of Nigerian firms (R2 = 60%) than the rest two countries. More so, our model has shown that South Africa has performed on a closer chase to Nigeria, in generating returns to the shareholders using the regressors mentioned above (R2 = 56%). Finally, Ghana has performed the least so to say as the same variables generated or made the least input to ROE (R2 = 24%). Hence, we conclude ERM and risk committee are instrumental to improved earnings capacity of selected African banks. As such, the study recommends that regulators in African countries should enforce strict compliance and ensure that the ERM policies are implemented across banks in Africa. Lastly, corporate board should engage men that are knowledgeable in risk management.

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between spot and futures prices in the Indian commodity market from 2015-2019, considering copper as one of the base metals. In this study, the closing spot and future price data obtained from Multi commodity exchange of India are used to investigate price discovery. Various econometric tools are used to explore the long and the short-run relationship between spot and futures prices. ADF, Johansen’s and Juliesus cointegration test, Vector Error Correction Model Test, Granger causality is carried out during the empirical process. The statistical result of the study indicates that the price is first discovered in the spot market for copper during the study period. The granger causality test indicates that it is unidirectional in the short run.

Abstract China’s foreign direct investment in 54 countries along the “Belt and Road” from year 2003 to year 2019 are adopted as sample data, and economic system indicators such as business freedom, currency freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom, and fiscal freedom are introduced as the proxy variable for the quality of host-country’s economic governance, to analyze the impact of different economic governance levels of countries along the route on China’s foreign direct investment. Due to the missing data and the non-random characteristics of China’s investment in sample countries, the Heckman two-step model is adopted to solve the issue of self-selection bias, and policy impact of the “Belt and Road” initiative is introduced to explore the quality of economic governance of the countries along the route on China’s foreign direct invest ment. The findings show that, 1) China is more inclined to invest in host coun tries with a large market, and its investment preference is market-seeking; 2) the host-country labor freedom and financial freedom have a positive impact on Chinese direct investment, while trade freedom and investment freedom negatively affects Chinese investment; 3) the implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative has affected the mechanism of host-country’s economic governance on China’s foreign direct investment .

Abstract This paper aims to discuss some issues of morality and sense of justice present in the Economic Theory of Crime with the lens of the methodological positive and normative dichotomy in Economics. There has already been done some works describing the differences in positive and normative Law and Economics, but we believe that the Economics of Crime, considered as a topic inside Law and Economics, has some specific open and important de bates that could be enlightened by the discussion of positive and normative economics. Through a literature review of critics of Economic Theory of Crime, we pointed out the main criticized topics and then use the positive-normative dichotomy in Law and Economics to analyze how those critics can be interpreted on both perspectives and how both perspectives are able (or not) to provide a complete and realistic interpretation of criminal behavior and law enforcement.